A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

Losartan Treatment Protects Retinal Ganglion Cells and Alters Scleral Remodeling in Experimental Glaucoma

<div><p>Purpose</p><p>To determine if oral losartan treatment decreases the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death caused by experimental intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in mice.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We produced IOP increase in CD1 mice and performed unilateral optic nerve crush. Mice received oral losartan, spironolactone, enalapril, or no drug to test effects of inhibiting angiotensin receptors. IOP was monitored by Tonolab, and blood pressure was monitored by tail cuff device. RGC loss was measured in masked axon counts and RGC bodies by β-tubulin labeling. Scleral changes that could modulate RGC injury were measured including axial length, scleral thickness, and retinal layer thicknesses, pressure-strain behavior in inflation testing, and study of angiotensin receptors and pathways by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry.</p><p>Results</p><p>Losartan treatment prevented significant RGC loss (median loss = 2.5%, p = 0.13), while median loss with water, spironolactone, and enalapril treatments were 26%, 28% and 43%; p < 0.0001). The lower RGC loss with losartan was significantly less than the loss with spironolactone or enalapril (regression model p = 0.001; drug treatment group term p = 0.01). Both losartan and enalapril significantly lowered blood pressure (p< 0.001), but losartan was protective, while enalapril led to worse than water-treated RGC loss. RGC loss after crush injury was unaffected by losartan treatment (difference from control p = 0.9). Survival of RGC in cell culture was not prolonged by sartan treatment. Axonal transport blockade after 3 day IOP elevations was less in losartan-treated than in control glaucoma eyes (p = 0.007). Losartan inhibited effects of glaucoma, including reduction in extracellular signal-related kinase activity and modification of glaucoma-related changes in scleral thickness and creep under controlled IOP.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The neuroprotective effect of losartan in mouse glaucoma is associated with adaptive changes in the sclera expressed at the optic nerve head.</p></div

Average IOP after bead injection glaucoma.

<p>All differences among non-glaucoma eye groups and among glaucoma eye groups are statistically insignificant, with lowest p value in t tests = 0.14. Data are mm Hg with mean (standard deviation), including 7 measurements per eye, 40 eyes per group.</p><p>*Both eyes were controls in this treatment group.</p><p>Average IOP after bead injection glaucoma.</p

Axial length and width.

<p>Data are mean (standard deviation) in mm.</p><p>Axial length and width.</p

Axon loss by treatment group.

<p>* p = 0.0001, t test for difference from zero percent loss; SD = standard deviation; n = number of animals providing data per group.</p><p>Axon loss by treatment group.</p

Immunohistochemical labeling for thrombospondin 1.

<p>Immunostaining for thrombospondin-1 shows mild scleral label (arrowheads) in water-treated fellow eye (A) and dramatically increased label in both sclera and retina of water-glaucoma eye (B). Thrombospondin 1 label was less in sclera and retina of both the losartan fellow eye (C) and losartan-glaucoma eye than the corresponding water controls (D, scale bar = 50μm; DAPI counterstain).</p

The effect of losartan on creep rate in ramp—hold inflation studies.

<p>The creep rate during a 30 minute period at 30 mm Hg for losartan- and water-treated glaucoma eyes was compared to control eyes (represented by the horizontal line drawn at the ratio of one), along with losartan without glaucoma compared to control eyes as a ratio. Losartan treatment alone and losartan-glaucoma eyes had no difference in creep rate from controls, but water-treated glaucoma eyes had a greater creep rate than controls.</p